中文学术写作中的常用短语
| 中文 | 拼音 | English |
|---|---|---|
| 和 | hé | and |
| 或 | huò | or, either |
| 向 | xiàng | towards |
| 被 | bèi | by (passive marker) |
| 把 | bǎ | to hold, by |
| 则 | zé | then, in that case |
| 就 | jiù | then, precisely |
| 趁 | chèn | take advantage of |
| 从 | cóng | from, since |
| 朝 | cháo | towards |
| 在 | zài | at, in, on |
| 将 | jiāng | will, to be going to, by |
| 自 | zì | from, since |
| 而 | ér | and yet |
| 以 | yǐ | with, by |
| 由 | yóu | by, from |
| 为 | wèi | for, in order to |
| 于 | yú | at, in, on, from |
| 往 | wǎng | toward, to |
| 沿 | yán | along |
| 与 | yǔ | and, with |
| 让 | ràng | let, by (passive) |
| 若 | ruò | if, supposing |
| 也 | yě | also |
| 按 | àn | according to |
| 顺 | shùn | along, in the same direction |
| 虽 | suī | although, even though |
| 比 | bǐ | compare, than |
| 并 | bìng | and, also, as well as |
| 连 | lián | even |
| 同 | tóng | with, same |
| 都 | dōu | all |
| 对 | duì | to, toward |
| 当 | dāng | when, during |
| 但 | dàn | but |
| 那 | nà | then, in that case |
| 既 | jì | since, already, both |
| 给 | gěi | give, for |
| 及 | jí | and, as well as |
| 跟 | gēn | with, and |
| 均 | jūn | all |
| 叫 | jiào | to be called, by (passive) |
| 况且 | kuàngqiě | moreover, besides |
| 还是 | háishì | or |
| 或者 | huòzhě | or, alternatively |
| 显然 | xiǎnrán | obviously |
| 何况 | hékuàng | moreover |
| 就算 | jiùsuàn | even if |
| 最后 | zuìhòu | finally |
| 最终 | zuìzhōng | ultimately |
| 总之 | zǒngzhī | in short, in conclusion |
| 总是 | zǒngshì | always |
| 总括 | zǒngkuò | to conclude |
| 总结 | zǒngjié | to summarize |
| 此外 | cǐwài | besides, additionally |
| 尽管 | jǐnguǎn | although |
| 只有 | zhǐyǒu | only if |
| 只要 | zhǐyào | as long as |
| 即使 | jíshǐ | even if |
| 从而 | cóng'ér | thus |
| 除非 | chúfēi | unless |
| 除了 | chúle | besides |
| 正如 | zhèngrú | just as |
| 宁愿 | nìngyuàn | would rather, prefer |
| 宁可 | nìngkě | would rather, prefer |
| 再说 | zàishuō | furthermore, besides |
| 作为 | zuòwéi | as, to regard as |
| 自从 | zìcóng | since |
| 一...就... | yī...jiù... | as soon as...then... |
| 因此 | yīncǐ | therefore, consequently |
| 因而 | yīn'ér | therefore, as a result |
| 因为 | yīnwèi | because |
| 以便 | yǐbiàn | so that |
| 而且 | érqiě | moreover |
| 以及 | yǐjí | as well as, and |
| 依照 | yīzhào | according to |
| 由于 | yóuyú | due to |
| 为了 | wèile | in order to |
| 越...越... | yuè... yuè... | the more... the more... |
| 于是 | yúshì | hence |
| 又...又... | yòu...yòu... | both...and... |
| 要是 | yàoshì | if |
| 要不 | yàobù | otherwise |
| 然后 | ránhòu | then |
| 然而 | rán'ér | however |
| 与其 | yǔqí | rather than |
| 如果 | rúguǒ | if |
| 按照 | ànzhào | according to |
| 甚至 | shènzhì | even |
| 虽然 | suīrán | although |
| 虽说 | suīshuō | although |
| 首先 | shǒuxiān | first of all |
| 所以 | suǒyǐ | so, therefore |
| 关于 | guānyú | about, concerning |
| 相似 | xiāngsì | similar |
| 相反 | xiāngfǎn | on the contrary |
| 否则 | fǒuzé | otherwise |
| 不只 | bùzhǐ | not only |
| 不然 | bùrán | otherwise |
| 不仅 | bùjǐn | not only |
| 不论 | bùlùn | no matter |
| 不同 | bùtóng | different |
| 不但 | bùdàn | not only |
| 不管 | bùguǎn | no matter |
| 不过 | búguò | however |
| 并且 | bìngqiě | and |
| 反之 | fǎnzhī | conversely |
| 无论 | wúlùn | no matter |
| 免得 | miǎnde | so as not to, to avoid |
| 万一 | wànyī | in case, if by any chance |
| 例如 | lìrú | for example |
| 另外 | lìngwài | additionally |
| 同时 | tóngshí | at the same time |
| 对于 | duìyú | regarding, concerning |
| 当然 | dāngrán | of course |
| 倘若 | tǎngruò | if, in case |
| 但是 | dànshì | but |
| 哪怕 | nǎpà | even if |
| 那么 | nàme | so, then |
| 其次 | qícì | secondly |
| 既然 | jìrán | since |
| 既...又... | jì... yòu... | both... and... |
| 既...也... | jì... yě... | both... and... |
| 固然 | gùrán | certainly, of course |
| 结果 | jiéguǒ | result, outcome |
| 看来 | kànlái | it seems, it appears |
| 假如 | jiǎrú | if |
| 假若 | jiǎruò | if, supposing |
| 可是 | kěshì | but |
| 加上 | jiā shàng | plus, in addition |
| 假使 | jiǎshǐ | if, in case |
| 可见 | kějiàn | it can be seen that |
| (是)...还是 | (shì)...háishì | (is it)...or |
| ...，而...（则）... | ..., ér ... (zé)... | ..., while ... (on the other hand) ... |
| ...与...十分相似 | ...yǔ...shífēn xiāngsì | ...is very similar to... |
| 假使...那也得... | jiǎshǐ... nà yě děi... | if... then have to... |
| 假使...那么... | jiǎshǐ... nàme... | if... then... |
| 假若...也... | jiǎruò... yě... | if... also... |
| 假如...那也... | jiǎrú... nà yě... | if... then also... |
| 可以看出 | kěyǐ kànchū | it can be seen |
| 可以得出 | kěyǐ déchū | it can be concluded that |
| 可以推断 | kěyǐ tuīduàn | it can be inferred that |
| 简单来说 | jiǎndān lái shuō | simply put |
| 简而言之 | jiǎn ér yán zhī | in brief |
| 据此推论 | jù cǐ tuīlùn | based on this inference |
| 更重要的是 | gèng zhòngyào de shì | more importantly |
| 具体来说 | jùtǐ lái shuō | specifically speaking |
| 归根结底 | guīgēn jiédǐ | ultimately |
| 归纳而言 | guīnà ér yán | to summarize |
| 既不...也不... | jìbù...yě bù... | neither...nor... |
| 既是...也是... | jìshì... yě shì... | both... and... |
| 既然...那么... | jìrán... nàme... | since... then... |
| 既然...也 | jìrán...yě | since...also |
| 既然...就... | jìrán... jiù... | since... then... |
| 既然...就算... | jìrán... jiùsuàn... | since... even if... |
| 既然...就应该... | jìrán... jiù yīnggāi... | since... should... |
| 既然...就该... | jìrán... jiù gāi... | since... should... |
| 哪怕...也要... | nǎpà... yě yào... | even if... still... |
| 对...来说，...要比...得多 | duì...láishuō, ...yào bǐ...de duō | for..., ...is much more... than... |
| 对比之下 | duìbǐ zhī xià | in contrast |
| 对于...来说 | duìyú... lái shuō | as for... |
| 同样重要的是 | tóngyàng zhòngyào de shì | equally important is |
| 同样地 | tóngyàng de | similarly |
| 另一方面 | lìng yī fāngmiàn | on the other hand |
| 类似于 | lèisì yú | similar to |
| 明显的是 | míngxiǎn de shì | it is evident that |
| 无论...都... | wúlùn... dōu... | no matter... all... |
| 无论...也... | wúlùn... yě... | no matter... still... |
| 无论...总要... | wúlùn... zǒng yào... | no matter... still have to... |
| 无论是...还是... | wúlùn shì... háishì... | whether... or... |
| 反过来 | fǎn guòlái | conversely |
| 反之亦然 | fǎnzhī yìrán | conversely |
| 凡是...都... | fánshì...dōu... | as long as...all... |
| 不管...都... | bùguǎn... dōu... | no matter... all... |
| 不管...也 | bùguǎn...yě | no matter...also |
| 不但...而且... | bùdàn... érqiě... | not only... but also... |
| 不但不...反而... | bùdàn bù...fǎn'ér... | not only not...on the contrary... |
| 不同于 | bùtóng yú | unlike |
| 不论...都 | bùlùn...dōu | no matter...all |
| 不论...也 | bùlùn...yě | no matter...also |
| 不仅...而且... | bùjǐn... érqiě... | not only... but also... |
| 不仅...还... | bùjǐn...hái... | not only...but also... |
| 不相上下 | bù xiāng shàng xià | be roughly equal / be on par with |
| 不是...反而... | bùshì... fǎn'ér... | not... instead... |
| 不是...也不是... | bùshì... yě bùshì... | neither... nor... |
| 不是...而是... | bùshì... érshì... | it's not ... but (rather) ... |
| 不是...就是... | bùshì... jiùshì... | either... or... |
| 比较而言 | bǐjiào ér yán | comparatively speaking |
| 相较于 | xiāngjiào yú | compared to |
| 相较而言 | xiāng jiào ér yán | comparatively speaking |
| 相对来说 | xiāngduì lái shuō | relatively speaking |
| 相对于 | xiāng duì yú | compared to |
| 相同的是 | xiāngtóng de shì | the same is true |
| 相反，...要...得多 | xiāngfǎn, ...yào...de duō | on the contrary, ...is much more... |
| 相反地 | xiāngfǎn de | conversely |
| 相比较 | xiāng bǐjiào | in comparison |
| 相比之下 | xiāng bǐ zhī xià | in contrast |
| 相比之下，...不像/没有...那么... | xiāngbǐ zhī xià, ...bù xiàng/méiyǒu...nàme... | in comparison, ...is not as... as... |
| 相似的是 | xiāngsì de shì | similarly |
| 详细分析 | xiángxì fēnxī | detailed analysis |
| 先...然后... | xiān...ránhòu... | first...then... |
| 虽说...却... | suīshuō... què... | although... yet... |
| 虽然...可是 | suīrán...kěshì | although...but |
| 虽然...但是... | suīrán... dànshì... | although... but... |
| 虽然...然而 | suīrán...ránér | although...however |
| 实际上 | shíjì shang | in fact |
| 甚至于 | shènzhìyú | even, so much so that |
| 若非...就... | ruòfēi... jiù... | if not... then... |
| 若是...则... | ruò shì... zé... | if... then... |
| 与...类似 | yǔ... lèisì | similar to |
| 与...不同 | yǔ... bùtóng | different from |
| 与...不同的是 | yǔ... bùtóng de shì | what is different from |
| 与...相对 | yǔ... xiāngduì | relative to |
| 与...相比 | yǔ... xiāng bǐ | compared with |
| 与...相比，...更... | yǔ...xiāngbǐ, ...gèng... | compared to..., ...is more... |
| 与...成对比 | yǔ... chéng duìbǐ | in contrast to |
| 与...一样 | yǔ...yíyàng | the same as... |
| 与...一致 | yǔ... yīzhì | in line with |
| 如果...那么... | rúguǒ... nàme... | if... then... |
| 如果...那么依然... | rúguǒ... nàme yīrán... | if... then still... |
| 如果...那么就... | rúguǒ... nàme jiù... | if... then... |
| 如果...那只好... | rúguǒ... nà zhǐhǎo... | if... then have to... |
| 如果...那便... | rúguǒ... nà biàn... | if... then... |
| 如果...的话...就... | rúguǒ... de huà... jiù... | if... then... |
| 如果...就... | rúguǒ... jiù... | if... then... |
| 如果...还不如... | rúguǒ... hái bùrú... | if... it's still better to... |
| 如果说...那就... | rúguǒ shuō... nà jiù... | if... then... |
| 与其...倒不如... | yǔqí... dàobùrú... | rather than... it's better to... |
| 与其...不如... | yǔqí... bùrú... | rather than... it's better to... |
| 与其...宁可... | yǔqí... nìngkě... | rather than... would rather... |
| 与其说...不如说... | yǔqí shuō... bùrú shuō... | rather than saying... it's better to say... |
| 与此同时 | yǔcǐ tóngshí | meanwhile, at the same time |
| 与此相反 | yǔcǐ xiāngfǎn | contrary to this |
| 要不是 | yàobùshì | if it were not for |
| 要不是...恐怕... | yàobùshì... kǒngpà... | if not for... perhaps... |
| 要不是...就... | yàobùshì... jiù... | if it weren't for... then... |
| 要不然 | yàobùrán | otherwise |
| 要是...那就... | yàoshì... nà jiù... | if... then... |
| 要么...那就... | yàome... nà jiù... | either... then... |
| 要么...否则... | yàome... fǒuzé... | either... or else... |
| 要么...要么... | yàome... yàome... | either... or... |
| 尤其是 | yóuqí shì | especially |
| 由于...因此... | yóuyú...yīncǐ... | because...therefore... |
| 有的...有的... | yǒu de...yǒu de... | some...some... |
| 由此可见 | yóucǐ kějiàn | it can be seen that |
| 由此推测 | yóucǐ tuīcè | from this, it can be speculated that |
| 而不是 | ér bùshì | instead of |
| 因为...所以... | yīnwèi... suǒyǐ... | because... therefore... |
| 因为...才... | yīnwèi... cái... | because... only then... |
| 因此...才... | yīncǐ... cái... | therefore... only then... |
| 因此可以认为 | yīncǐ kěyǐ rènwéi | therefore, it can be considered that |
| 一旦...那么... | yīdàn... nàme... | once... then... |
| 一旦...那就... | yīdàn... nà jiù... | once... then... |
| 一旦...就... | yīdàn... jiù... | once... then... |
| 一般来说 | yībān lái shuō | generally speaking |
| 一方面 | yī fāngmiàn | on the one hand |
| 一方面...另方面... | yī fāngmiàn... lìng fāngmiàn... |
on one hand... on the other hand... |
| 一方面...另一方面... | yī fāngmiàn... lìng yī fāngmiàn... |
on one hand... on the other hand... |
| 一边...一边... | yībiān... yībiān... | while... at the same time... |
| 一会儿...一会儿... | yīhuìr...yīhuìr... | one moment...the next moment... |
| 作为补充 | zuòwéi bǔchōng | as a supplement |
| 在...上，...之间的差异也是很明显的 | zài...shàng, ...zhījiān de chāyì yě shì hěn míngxiǎn de | in terms of..., the difference between...is also very obvious |
| 在...的同时 | zài... de tóngshí | while |
| 在对比中 | zài duìbǐ zhōng | in comparison |
| 宁可...也不... | nìngkě... yě bù... | would rather... than... |
| 宁可...也不要... | nìngkě... yě bùyào... | would rather... than not... |
| 宁可...也要... | nìngkě... yě yào... | would rather... still... |
| 宁可...也绝不... | nìngkě... yě juébù... | would rather... absolutely not... |
| 宁肯...也不... | nìngkěn... yě bù... | would rather... than... |
| 宁愿...也不愿... | nìngyuàn... yě bù yuàn... | would rather... than... |
| 宁愿...也不必... | nìngyuàn... yě bùbì... | would rather... than need to... |
| 正因为...所以... | zhèng yīnwèi... suǒyǐ... | precisely because... therefore... |
| 除了...(以外)，都... | chúle...(yǐwài), dōu... | except for...all... |
| 除了...还... | chúle... hái... | besides... also... |
| 除了...还是... | chúle... háishì... | apart from... still... |
| 除非...否则... | chúfēi... fǒuzé... | unless... otherwise... |
| 除非...否则就... | chúfēi... fǒuzé jiù... | unless... otherwise... |
| 除非...才会... | chúfēi... cáihuì... | unless... will... |
| 除此之外 | chúcǐ zhīwài | apart from this |
| 从某种程度上说 | cóng mǒu zhǒng chéngdù shàng shuō |
to some extent, partly |
| 综上所述 | zōng shàng suǒ shù | in conclusion / to sum up |
| 主要是 | zhǔyào shì | mainly |
| 即使...也... | jíshǐ... yě... | even if... still... |
| 即使...也可以... | jíshǐ... yě kěyǐ... | even if... still can... |
| 即使...也得... | jíshǐ... yě děi... | even if... must... |
| 即使...也不... | jíshǐ... yě bù... | even if... still not... |
| 即使...依然... | jíshǐ... yīrán... | even if... still... |
| 即使...仍旧... | jíshǐ... réngjiù... | even if... still... |
| 即使...还不如... | jíshǐ... hái bùrú... | even if... still not as good as... |
| 即便...也不要... | jíbiàn... yě bù yào... | even if... still not... |
| 即便...也好... | jíbiàn... yě hǎo... | even if... it's okay... |
| 即便...还是... | jíbiàn... háishì... | even if... still... |
| 之所以...是因为... | zhī suǒyǐ...shì yīnwèi... | the reason why...is because... |
| 只要...就... | zhǐyào...jiù... | as long as...then... |
| 只有...才... | zhǐyǒu... cái... | only if... then... |
| 只有当...才... | zhǐyǒu dāng... cái... | only when... then... |
| 只有在...才... | zhǐyǒu zài... cái... | only when... then... |
| 尽管...可是... | jǐn guǎn...kě shì... | although...but... |
| 尽管...但... | jǐnguǎn... dàn... | although... but... |
| 尽管...但还是... | jǐnguǎn... dàn háishì... | even though... still... |
| 尽管...但还是会... | jǐnguǎn... dàn háishì huì... | although... still will... |
| 尽管...也罢... | jǐnguǎn... yě bà... | even though... it's fine... |
| 尽管...也许... | jǐnguǎn... yěxǔ... | even though... perhaps... |
| 尽管...然而... | jǐnguǎn... rán'ér... | despite... however... |
| 尽管...然而还是... | jǐnguǎn... rán'ér háishì... | although... yet still... |
| 尽管...仍然... | jǐnguǎn... réngrán... | even though... still... |
| 尽管...还是... | jǐnguǎn... háishì... | even though... still... |
| 尽管...还是会... | jǐnguǎn... háishì huì... | even though... still will... |
| 尽管如此 | jǐnguǎn rúcǐ | nevertheless |
| 尽管如此...但... | jǐnguǎn rúcǐ... dàn... | even so... but... |
| 进一步说明 | jìnyībù shuōmíng | further explanation |
| 进一步的 | jìnyībù de | further |
| 进一步探讨 | jìnyībù tàntǎo | further discussion |
| 进一步探讨的 | jìnyībù tàntǎo de | further discussed |
| 差距极大 | chājù jídà | the gap is huge |
| 差距非常之大 | chājù fēicháng zhī dà | the gap is extremely large |
| 差距很明显 | chājù hěn míngxiǎn | the gap is very obvious |
| 总结而言 | zǒngjié ér yán | to sum up |
| 总体来说 | zǒngtǐ lái shuō | overall |
| 总而言之 | zǒng ér yán zhī | in conclusion, in summary |
| 总的来说 | zǒng de lái shuō | generally speaking |
| 最显著的是 | zuì xiǎnzhù de shì | most notably |
| 值得一提的是 | zhídé yī tí de shì | it is worth mentioning that |
| 值得注意的是 | zhídé zhùyì de shì | it is worth noting that |
| 特别是 | tèbié shì | especially |
| 或者...或者... | huòzhě... huòzhě... | either... or... |
| 或者说 | huòzhě shuō | in other words |
| 和...都/均... | hé...dōu/jūn... | ...and...both... |
| 换句话说 | huànjù huà shuō | in other word |
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